【www.gztgad.com--对联】
各位朋友：
早上好！现在，我就带大家去游览位于南阳市西郊卧龙岗上的武侯词。南阳武侯祠，又名诸葛草庐，是三国时期著名的政治家、军事家诸葛亮“躬耕于南阳”时留下的故址，当年刘皇叔三顾之处，也是历代人们瞻仰和祭把诸葛亮的地方。
诸葛亮(181-234年)，字孔明，汉末山东琅琊阳都(今山东沂水县南)人。他幼年丧父，后随叔父诸葛玄投奔荆州牧刘表。诸葛玄去世后，诸葛亮便带着弟弟诸葛均在南阳卧龙岗结庐躬耕，过着“苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯”的布衣生活。但他广交天下名士，满腹经纶，腹藏良谋，隐居求志，宁静致远。当时的大名士庞德公把他比为一条待时腾飞的“卧龙”。汉建安十二年(2)，刘备、关羽、张飞三顾茅庐，拜请诸葛亮，自此，二十七岁的诸葛亮离开了躬耕十载的卧龙岗，参加了刘备的政治集团，后官拜蜀汉丞相，爵封武乡侯，死后溢“忠武侯”，因此历代诸葛亮祠庙均称为“武侯祠”。
据清康熙《龙岗志》记载，武侯祠始建于魏晋后期，经历代的不断修缮和增建，形成了现在的规模，今天我们看到的武侯祠，共占地200余亩，殿房150多间，检联70多副，碑刻300余块，是我国纪念诸葛亮最大的古建筑群。今日的武侯祠保持的"基本上是元明的布局风格，其木构建筑多为明、清重建或增建。祠院依岗而建，南滨白河，北障紫山，地势开阔，势如卧龙。院内丛竹视讽，松柏森森，潭水清碧，景色宜人，优美的自然风光与脍炙人口的人文景观交相辉映，令人流连忘返。
好了，各位团友，现在我们已经来到了武侯祠的人口，大家看这座“千古人龙”石坊，高9米，面阔13.5米，三门四柱，遍体布满雕饰。“千古人龙”的意思是指诸葛亮是人中之龙，隐喻卧龙岗是藏龙卧虎之地。大家看这第二道坊为“三顾坊”，清道光年间所立，两面刻有“汉昭烈皇帝三顾处”和“真神人”，是为了纪念刘备三顾纳贤而立。“士为知己者死”，正是由于刘备这诚恳的三顾，才使得诸葛亮离开了隐居十年的卧龙岗，辅佐刘备，戎马一生，鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已，刘备才能三分天下，成就帝业，诸葛亮因而功高盖世，万古流芳。刘备在尊重知识，尊重人才方面是实实在在，没有停留在口头上，这个优点可真的值得我们当今的一些领导学习呀！“真神人”三个字，出自苏轼《武候庙记》颂扬诸葛亮的一段话“人也，神也，仙也，吾不知之，真卧龙也。”大家看石坊北边的卧龙潭，那些边有三棵古楸树，相传是当年刘、美、张三顾时系马的树，现在还存在的那一棵，大家猜一猜，1700多年前，树上拴的是谁的马呢?
穿过三顾坊，走过仙人桥，这条甫道直通山门。山门为武侯祠正门，古朴端庄，正中券门额上石匾镌刻的“武侯祠”三个大字，系郭沫若先生所题。过了山门，即进入武侯祠的第一进院落，庭院宽敞，古柏蔽日，青砖墁地，古朴自然。院中甬道上“三代遗才”石坊与大拜殿相对应。这里是赞扬诸葛亮的才能和品德可与三代的贤人伊尹、吕尚、傅说等相比。我们转过来再看“韬略宗师”四个大字，韬略原指中国古代兵书《六韬》和《三略》，后世用来指用兵的谋略，这里也是赞扬诸葛亮的文韬武略的。
当时的刘备，以自己是汉室后裔，打着正统的旗号，请求国家统一，他四海飘零，奔走了二十多年，先后投曹操，奔袁绍，附刘表，终因势单力薄，一事无成，败居新野，难筹大志，但仍雄心勃勃，四处访贤。
后来，经徐庶举荐，得知诸葛亮的大名之后，就冒着严寒，词谦礼恭，亲自由新野到南阳支产三次恭请，大有商汤请伊尹、文王栽太公的诚心与胸怀，迫切而又热情地邀请诸葛亮出山辅佐自己，诸葛亮见他求贤若渴，志向远大，就答应了他的要求。正如唐代李白诗中写的那样：“鱼水三顾合，风云四海生。武侯立眠蜀，壮志吞咸京。”
明陈正伦《卧龙岗》诗云：“君臣一晤交投厚，宇宙三分割据雄”。三顾晤对真可以说是一次历史性的会谈，可以毫不夸张地说，千军易得，一将难求，刘备能够建立西蜀霸业，关键是得到了诸葛亮这个智囊人物。大家看三顾堂里的.这组雕塑，不正是“智能之土，思得名君”，“名君圣主，求贤用能”的赞歌吗?我们今天参观的诸葛草庐，不仅是诸葛亮隐居躬耕的地方，也是诸葛亮政治、军事思想形成的地方，是“三分天下”的策源之地，是刘备、诸葛亮三顾而合，如鱼得水的场所，因此历朝历代，这里也就成了人们纪念诸葛亮的重要场所。武侯祠里的人物塑像，个个性格鲜明，惟妙惟肖，内心世界，各具其妙。
当然，最吸引人的还有廊壁间镶嵌的300余通碑刻和殿堂上数不清的匾额楹联，这些碑刻刀法细腻，很多匠额楹联在书法上也有相当深的造诣。像岳少保书写的《出师表》、“还我河山”，郑板桥的“难得糊涂”等，笔体苍劲，洒脱俊逸，历来受到国内外书法爱好者的称赞和推祟。楹联中还有不少佳作耐人寻味。所有这些，使南阳武侯祠成为全国现存祠庙中规模较大，文物价值较高、文化内涵极为丰富的一处人文景观，处处都闪耀着中国古老文化的灿烂光辉。
龙岗之游，若仅流连于松柏奇花之间，陶醉于亭台楼阁之中，而忘了欣赏武侯祠中的碑、联、匠，那就像入宝山空手而归，真是一大憾事。风和日丽，漫步武侯词中，“从容细看平沙处，可有先生旧马蹄”，你有什么感受?我们中华民族有着五千年的文明史，五千年构成了漫长的历史长河。在这长河中出现了数不尽的风流人物。然而，大浪淘沙，淹没在历史河床中的，也同样数不清，道不尽，而极少有像诸葛亮这样不仅能沿着历史的长河从中古走到现代，而且还能走向千家万户，走进千千万万人的心里。
各位团友，诸葛亮淡泊明志，正直廉洁的美德千古传诵;鞠躬尽瘁、死而后已的赤诚感天动地，化作了历史的永恒。他是中国人乃至东方人心目中智慧、忠诚、仁勇的化身，史学家称他为政治、军事、经济的三绝，在中华文明史上独领风骚，被后世誉作“千古第一完人”。
让人仰慕不已的诸葛亮，叫人说不完道不尽的武侯传奇……其人虽已殁，千载有余情！
Now we come to this beautiful courtyard, which is the new Nanyang Han painting gallery opened on December 28, . Nanyang Han painting museum is the first art museum in China to collect and display stone carvings of Han Dynasty. Founded in 1935, it is one of the early art museums in China. With its rich collection and unique artistic style, it has long been the focus of scholars at home and abroad, and has a wide range of social influence. The old museum was originally located in WoLonggang in the western suburb of Nanyang City, covering an area of 2700 square meters. Now we enter the courtyard through the gate que of imitating Han Dynasty. The magnificent building in front of us is 118 meters wide from north to South and 21 meters high in the middle. It covers an area of 80 mu and has nearly 3000 stone carvings of Han Dynasty, accounting for one third of the country. At present, what is open is the basic display part of the first floor complex, including 119 national first-class products. It is the largest Han Dynasty painting and stone carving art exhibition hall in China. OK, let"s step into the picture now and take a look at the eternal situation. You can see that the two precious large stone beasts “Tianlu” and “fenxie” in the hall have experienced more than years of vicissitudes. They are the unique large-scale round sculpture of Han Dynasty in China. These two stone beasts, with tiger head and phoenix tail, scale body and wings, are simple and lifelike. Don"t look down on them. These two stone beasts have already attracted the attention of the world as early as the Tang Dynasty. These two carved stone beasts were mentioned in emperor Xiaoling, Ji Gu Lu by Ouyang Xiu of the Northern Song Dynasty and Mengxi Bi Tan by Shen Kuo.
As we all know, Nanyang basin is located at the intersection of Henan, Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. It is rich in natural products, fertile land, crisscross rivers, suitable climate, and convenient land and water transportation. Since ancient times, Nanyang Basin has been one of the areas with advanced economy, culture, science and technology in China, and it is also a famous strategic place. As early as the Warring States period, Nanyang"s iron smelting technology was quite well-known. In the Western Han Dynasty, Nanyang"s iron smelting, water conservancy and agricultural production had further development. “On salt and iron” said that “Wan (Nanyang) zhouqilu, business all over the world, rich crown in the sea”, has become one of the most prominent commercial cities in China. Liu Xiu, the Guangwu emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, made his fortune in Nanyang, and most of the 28 generals of Liu Xiu came from Nanyang. According to incomplete statistics, there were 47 marquis in Nanyang in the Han Dynasty. These Royal relatives, aristocratic families, wealthy businessmen, lived to the utmost of their desire, died more thick burial, competing to build a large tomb. In this way, the style of stone carvings began in the Western Han Dynasty and developed further in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In addition to burying more treasures, puppets, chariots and horses in the tombs for the dead to “enjoy”, the feudal ruling class also launched a large-scale stone tomb chamber with “Zhou Pavilion and heavy gate” style built on the ground. Nanyang Han Dynasty stone carvings are a unique kind of stone carvings that were born and developed from this kind of stone tomb chamber.
Nanyang Han Dynasty stone carvings involve a wide range of subjects, and the content is also very rich. Because Nanyang stone carvings of Han Dynasty mainly adopt the artistic expression method of realism, it can be said that they are the epitome of the society of the two Han Dynasties, and provide us with the theoretical basis for studying the political system, etiquette and customs, economic situation, religious consciousness, literature and calligraphy, fine arts, music, dance, acrobatics, martial arts, drama, architecture, astronomy, education, animal husbandry and veterinary science of the two Han Dynasties Precious visual image data. These Han Dynasty stone carvings are skillfully carved and rich in content. They include pictures of the sun, moon and stars showing the achievements of astronomy in the Han Dynasty; pictures of dance music and acrobatics reflecting the art of song and dance in the Han Dynasty; luxurious life scenes of the rulers of the Han Dynasty, including the first class in gaomen, riding cars and throwing pots at banquets; and pictures of immortality rising and myths and legends showing that the ruling class of the Han Dynasty adored Taoism and witchcraft.
The first thing we entered was the auspicious hall. In the early Han Dynasty, Huang Lao thought was popular. He believed in Taoism and witchcraft, worshipped immortals, served immortals and elixirs, and sought immortality. Therefore, there are many paintings showing the idea of immortality. Look at this picture of “feathered man and beast”, which depicts “feathered man” and “Feilian”. The feather man is a Taoist immortal. He has a few inches of hair. He can rise from the ground to the top of the building and fly to the sky. Feilian is a kind of deity, which can ascend to heaven. Therefore, Feilian is often engraved in places where immortal thoughts are expressed. The head of Feilian in Nanyang Han Dynasty stone reliefs looks like a dragon instead of a dragon, and the body looks like a deer instead of a deer. The body has two wings and drags the tail of a snake. The two Feilian are chasing and running one after the other, with a vivid and natural look. If you look at this picture of “God riding tiger shooting monster”, can you see what"s different about its carving techniques? Yes, it"s called Yin line carving, which is rare in Han Dynasty stone reliefs. The carving techniques of Nanyang Han Dynasty stone statues mostly belong to the low relief with horizontal and vertical lines, which express the details of the portraits with thick lines. The design of the portrait is bold and ingenious, the lines are rigid and flexible, and the various images in the portrait give people the feeling of ancient clumsy and extensive, vigorous and heroic. In the early Han Dynasty, relief carving and Yin line carving were also used, but this kind of stone was rare, so it became more and more precious.
Now we are going to pay homage to Zhang Heng, an outstanding scientist and famous writer in the Han Dynasty.
Zhang Heng was born and buried in Nanyang. Zhang Heng"s tomb is located in Shiqiao Town, 25 kilometers north of Nanyang city. It is 8 meters high and 79 meters long. It is surrounded by brick passageways and octagonal walls. It is surrounded by green pines and cypresses. It is planted all over the garden, covered by green grass, and the cemetery is solemn and quiet. The front of the flower wall is the gate of January. There are two tombstones in front of the gate. One is erected in the Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, and the other is erected in the Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty. There is a stone inscription written by Guo Moruo in front of the tomb: “such a person with all-round development is also rare in world history. It is admirable to worship him for thousands of years.”
Zhang Heng, the word Pingzi, Nanyang County West e (today"s Shiqiao Town) people. He was born in the third year of emperor Zhang"s reign (78) and died in the fourth year of emperor Yonghe (139). Zhang Heng is intelligent, quick and eager to learn, erudite and versatile. He has set up a towering monument in the history of science and culture in the world, and is known as “the world"s cultural celebrity and China"s science leader.”
Luoyang was the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty. At that time, Luoyang was the political, economic and cultural center of the country. Scholars gathered, schools were like a forest, academic atmosphere was strong, and culture and education were unprecedentedly prosperous. In order to broaden his horizons, Zhang Heng visited Luoyang in March of Yangchun in the sixth year of emperor Yongyuan (1994). This time he lived in Luoyang for six years. During this period, he spent his main energy on traveling to Taixue, visiting famous teachers, seeking friends, learning modestly and studying assiduously.
He was proficient in Five Classics (Yi, Shu, Shi, Li, Chunqiu) and Six Arts (Li, Yue, she, Yu, Shu, Shu). With the help of his good friend Cui yuan, he began to study astronomy, mathematics and calendar in natural science. He wrote a lot of beautiful Fu, which initially showed his extraordinary talent and attracted the attention of the society. He has a high attainments in literature and science, which laid the ideological and theoretical foundation for him to become a great scientist.
In the late autumn of A.D. 100, Bao de was transferred to Nanyang Prefecture. Recommended by Cui yuan, 23-year-old Zhang Heng left Luoyang, the capital, and went with Bao De to Nanyang Prefecture as the governor.
In the fifth year of Emperor Han an"s Yongchu period (111), Bao de and others played on the Ming emperor in Beijing, which made emperor an know that Zhang Heng was knowledgeable, so he took the bus to Nanyang to enlist Zhang Heng to become a doctor of Shangshutai in Luoyang. Three years later, he was promoted to be shangshilang, and the next year he was changed to Taishiling.
Taishiling was in charge of astronomy, calendar, meteorology and sacrificial ceremonies. This created a very favorable condition for Zhang Heng"s in-depth study and practice of astronomical calendar. In 133, Zhang Heng was promoted to serve as a senior advisor to the emperor. In the first year of Yonghe (136), Emperor Shun of Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng was expelled from Luoyang, the capital, and became the Prime Minister of Hejian. Zhang Heng came to Luoyang for the second time and lived for 26 years. In these 26 years, although his official position changed several times, he served as the supreme historian for the longest time. He did a lot of scientific research when he was appointed as the imperial historian. Lingtai is the largest Astronomical Observatory in China during the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was used for 250 years. Zhang Heng not only wrote some important scientific works such as Lingxian, earthquake countermeasures, and notes on the armillary sphere, but also designed and created some ingenious instruments such as the armillary sphere and the Houfeng seismograph, making outstanding contributions to mankind.
In Lingxian, Zhang Heng explained in detail the natural phenomena of the change of lunar phenomena and the occurrence of lunar eclipse. After scientific analysis, many scientific opinions are put forward. He recorded the stars in the sky when he was observing in Lingtai. There are 2500 brighter stars, 124 regular stars and 320 named stars. This is roughly the same as the statistics of modern astronomy that 2500-3000 stars can be seen with the naked eye at the same time and place. The number of stars observed in Luoyang at that time is basically the same as that observed in modern times. Therefore, he also drew the Lingxian map, which is the earliest star map in China.
南阳武侯祠大门对联
南阳武侯祠是三国时期著名政治家、军事家诸葛亮十年躬耕隐居地和历代祭祀诸葛亮的地方，那么南阳武侯祠大门对联是什么呢？我们看看下面吧！
南阳武侯祠大门对联
上联：三顾频烦天下计
下联：一番唔对古今情
南阳武侯祠殿中对联
功盖三分延汉祚
名垂千古仰威仪
黄帝纪元四六九零年（1992）岁次壬申吉旦 南阳赵连仁敬立
——“千古人龙”坊阳联
百万劫山水依然，纵教物换星移，丞相祠堂仍旧在；
三千界英雄何在，遥想纶巾羽扇，先生风范却犹存。
黄帝纪元四六九零年（1992）岁次壬申吉旦 南阳赵连仁敬立
——“千古人龙”坊阳联
死而后已酬三顾
道自长存贯两间
黄帝纪元四六九零年（1992）岁次壬申吉旦 南阳赵连仁敬立
——“千古人龙”坊阴联
运帷幄之筹谋，披肝沥胆，六经以来惟二表；
本圣贤者道范，寄命托孤，三代而下此一人。
黄帝纪元四六九零年（1992）季夏吉旦 南阳赵连仁敬立
——“千古人龙”坊阴联
大文出师表
胜地卧龙岗
右任 （于右任。1940年）
——卧龙岗大门联
长遗恨，终前未能上慰先主，下济苍生；
最可敬，身后不使内藏余帛，外有赢财。
戊辰（1988）仲冬 夷门王澄 （当代侯延章撰）
——卧龙岗大门联
可托六尺之孤，可寄百里之命，君子人欤？君子人也；
隐居以求其志，行义以达其道，吾闻其语，吾见其人。
一九九八年元月上浣张海书 （当代侯延章撰）
——卧龙岗大门联
遗世仰高风，抱膝长吟，出处各存千载志；
偏安恢汉祚，鞠躬尽瘁，日月同悬二表文。
益阳龚浩撰并书 （1939年）
——“三代遗才”坊联
龙去崇朝作霖雨
我来高卧想羲皇
癸未（1883）夏日 山左鞠捷昌
——大拜殿联
诸葛大名垂宇宙
元戎小队出郊坰
集杜句 湘坡顾嘉蘅 （？年）
——大拜殿联
旨寻六家，业窥五际；
内学七纬，旁通三微。
道光戊申（1848）春日 湘坡顾嘉蘅题
——大拜殿联
穷理于事物始生之处
研几于心意初动之时
民国十二年（1923）一月 孙文 （原联上款有“介石吾弟撰句属书”。）
——大拜殿联
器学潜藏，抱膝长吟田父乐；
经纶跃展，鞠躬尽瘁老臣心。
民国四年（1915）嘉平月乙卯 南阳镇守使吴庆桐撰并书
——大拜殿联
心在朝廷，原无论先主后主；
名高天下，何必辨南阳襄阳。
郡守顾嘉蘅浣手并书 （？年）
——大拜殿联
心在人民，原无论大事小事；
利归天下，何必争多得少得。
改南阳武侯祠联 （1958年9月28日口赋，1986年4月25日补书。）
——大拜殿联
地无论宛襄，有诸葛庐自堪千古；
统并存吴魏，读隆中对早定三分。
光绪二年（1876）夏六月 闽中黄见三敬撰并书
——大拜殿联
将相本全才，陈寿何人，敢评论先生长短；
帝王谁正统？文公特笔，为表明当日孤忠。
道光二十七年（1847）秋 楚彝陵顾嘉蘅浣手并书
——大拜殿联
巾扇任逍遥，试看抱膝长吟，高卧尚留名士隐；
井庐空眷念，可惜躬鞠尽瘁，归耕未慰老臣心。
同治乙丑（1865）嘉平月朔旦 黄陂金国均浣手敬书
——大拜殿联
立品于莘野渭滨之间，表读出师，两朝勋业惊司马；
结庐在紫峰白水以侧，曲吟梁父，千载风云起卧龙。
（无题款。作者未详。约撰书于清末民国年间。）
——大拜殿联
用之则行，舍之则藏，溯尼山邹峄而还，五百年必生名士；
为一不义，杀一不辜，虽千驷万钟弗受，三代下犹见斯人。
中华民国二十一年（1932）夏月 东周刘振华撰并书
——大拜殿联
负天下奇才，若定指挥，独惜赍志偏安，鼎足三分屈王佐；
叹风尘末吏，未遑窃比，追溯鞠躬尽瘁，心香一瓣学乡贤。
甲寅（1914）春 余奉檄治宛 得谒先生故庐 瞻遗庙之丹青 恫飘摇之风雨 乃启镇史吴公醵金重修 先生家琅琊 于余为乡贤 峻德丰功 讵能窃比万一 然在官言官 追溯鞠躬尽瘁之义以自勉 既落成 谨志概略 山左曹慕时熏沐敬书并识
——大拜殿联
此地藉卧龙以传，看丹水西抱，白水东环，祗余长留名士隐；
斯人超凤雏而上，既莘野币交，渭滨车载，何如亲见使君来。
道光丁未（1847）九月谷旦 知南阳府事顾嘉蘅谨题并书
——大拜殿联
吕磻溪伊莘野王佐其才乎！继以宛琅琊得主有常，经纶丕焕；
齐鲍叔郑子皮圣门所许也，合之徐元直见贤能举，豪杰奋兴。
民国六年丁巳（1917）仲夏 南阳县知事京兆田沛
——大拜殿联
孙曹固一世雄也，何以吴宫魏殿转眼邱虚？怎若此茅屋半间，遥与磻溪而千古；
将相其先生志乎，讵知羽扇纶巾终身军旅，剩这些松涛满径，如闻梁父之长吟。
壬申（1872）仲春 贝邱刘世绩撰书
——大拜殿联
春风有形在流水
古贤寄迹于斯文
蔚叟曹广桢 （？年）
——《出师表》碑廊楹柱联
到此莫论文，只有千秋出师表；
长征何算苦，请看五月渡泸人。
长沙朱玖莹 （？年）
——《出师表》碑房前门联
天下文章莫大乎是
一时贤士皆从之游
何绍基 （？年）
——《出师表》碑房后门联
恢宏依大树
宁静仰茅庐
民国二十二年（1933）冬 河南全省保安处处长冯剑飞先生莅宛视察 抚军安民之暇 同谒武侯祠 瞻拜神像 肃然起敬 因思武侯宁静致远 与大树将军功成不居同为千古所敬仰 遂成一联 请先生书之刊石纪念云 贵阳冯剑飞书 安阳王幼桥跋
——《诸葛武乡侯传》碑房石刻联
忠怀千古出师表
妙算三分卧龙岗
戴明贤 （？年）
——《草庐对》碑亭联
成大事一生谨慎
仰风流万古清高
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